MOTS-C

MOTS‑c is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring mitochondrial‑derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. In research environments, it is used to explore mitochondrial signalling pathways, metabolic regulation, and communication between the mitochondria and nucleus. In biochemical and cellular models, MOTS‑c has been shown to influence intracellular pathways tied to energy sensing, insulin‑related signalling, and cellular stress adaptation. Experimental systems often assess its impact on AMPK activation, metabolic gene regulation, and stress‑responsive signalling cascades. The molecular effects observed vary according to concentration, exposure time, and the specific model used.